Abstract Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruits are famous for their unique aroma. This study analysed the Durian fruit transcriptome to discover the expression patterns of genes and to understand their regulation. Three developmental stages of Durian fruit, namely, early [90 days post-anthesis (DPA)], mature (120 DPA), and ripen (127 DPA), were studied. The Illumina HiSeq platform was used for sequencing. The sequence data were analysed using four different mapping aligners and statistical methods: CLC Genomic Workbench, HISAT2+DESeq2, Tophat+Cufflinks, and HISAT2+edgeR. The analyses showed that over 110 million clean reads were mapped to the Durian genome, yielding 19,976, 11,394, 17,833, and 24,351 differentially expressed genes during 90-127 days post-anthesis. Many identified differentially expressed genes were linked to the fruit ripening processes. The data analysis suggests that most genes with increased expression at the ripening stage were primarily involved in the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, nucleotide metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Significantly expressed genes from the young to mature stage were mainly associated with carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism. The transcriptome data will serve as a foundation for understanding Durian fruit development-specific genes and could be helpful in fruit’s trait improvement.

Resumo No dia 31 de maio de cada ano, em homenagem ao Dia Mundial Sem Tabaco (WNTD), a comunidade internacional organiza vários eventos e incentiva a evitar todas as formas de consumo de tabaco. Para comemorar o WNTD-2018, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) promoveu a conscientização para destacar a ligação entre o tabaco e as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Porque, o uso do tabaco é a segunda principal causa de DCV, após a hipertensão arterial. Além do DCV, o uso de tabaco também é conhecido por causar muitas doenças não transmissíveis, incluindo doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), câncer de pulmão e outros transtornos complicados. De fato, as doenças não transmissíveis estão emergindo como a carga primária da doença. Globalmente, o consumo de tabaco mata cerca de 7 milhões de pessoas a cada ano, e se a tendência permanecer a mesma, matará mais de 8 milhões de pessoas por ano até 2030. Pelo contrário, apesar de promover a conscientização, a indústria do tabaco está crescendo com pouco ou sem regulamentação. No entanto, a longo prazo, a comunidade global não poderá se dar bem, pois o tabaco tem um impacto direto na saúde humana, na saúde ambiental e no desenvolvimento sustentável.

Abstract On 31st May of every year, in honour of the ‘World No Tobacco Day (WNTD),’ the international community does organise various events and encourages avoiding all forms of Tobacco consumption. To commemorate WNTD-2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted awareness to highlight the link between Tobacco and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because, Tobacco use is the second leading cause of CVD, after high blood pressure. In addition to CVD, Tobacco use is also known to cause many non-communicable diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and other complicated disorders caused by smoking. In fact, non-communicable diseases are now emerging as the primary disease burden. Globally, Tobacco use kills about 7 million people each year, and if the trend remains the same, then it will kill more than 8 million people per year by 2030. On the contrary, despite promoting awareness, the Tobacco industry is growing with little or no regulation. However, in the long run, the global community will not be able to afford business as usual as Tobacco has a direct impact on human health, environmental health and sustainable development.

Resumo No dia 31 de maio de cada ano, em homenagem ao Dia Mundial Sem Tabaco (WNTD), a comunidade internacional organiza vários eventos e incentiva a evitar todas as formas de consumo de tabaco. Para comemorar o WNTD-2018, a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) promoveu a conscientização para destacar a ligação entre o tabaco e as doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Porque, o uso do tabaco é a segunda principal causa de DCV, após a hipertensão arterial. Além do DCV, o uso de tabaco também é conhecido por causar muitas doenças não transmissíveis, incluindo doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC), câncer de pulmão e outros transtornos complicados. De fato, as doenças não transmissíveis estão emergindo como a carga primária da doença. Globalmente, o consumo de tabaco mata cerca de 7 milhões de pessoas a cada ano, e se a tendência permanecer a mesma, matará mais de 8 milhões de pessoas por ano até 2030. Pelo contrário, apesar de promover a conscientização, a indústria do tabaco está crescendo com pouco ou sem regulamentação. No entanto, a longo prazo, a comunidade global não poderá se dar bem, pois o tabaco tem um impacto direto na saúde humana, na saúde ambiental e no desenvolvimento sustentável.

Abstract On 31st May of every year, in honour of the ‘World No Tobacco Day (WNTD),’ the international community does organise various events and encourages avoiding all forms of Tobacco consumption. To commemorate WNTD-2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted awareness to highlight the link between Tobacco and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Because, Tobacco use is the second leading cause of CVD, after high blood pressure. In addition to CVD, Tobacco use is also known to cause many non-communicable diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and other complicated disorders caused by smoking. In fact, non-communicable diseases are now emerging as the primary disease burden. Globally, Tobacco use kills about 7 million people each year, and if the trend remains the same, then it will kill more than 8 million people per year by 2030. On the contrary, despite promoting awareness, the Tobacco industry is growing with little or no regulation. However, in the long run, the global community will not be able to afford business as usual as Tobacco has a direct impact on human health, environmental health and sustainable development.